The Reformation Period in the Ottoman Empire was a time of reforms that can be traced back to Sultan Mahmud II. There had been attempts to reform the Ottoman state before the Reformation Period: “The janissary establishment was abolished, and Nizam-i Cedid army was established [by Selim III in 1789] after the French model,” Nazan Olcer, the director of the Sakip Sabanci Museum in Istanbul, says.
Abdulmejid’s younger brother and successor Sultan Abdulaziz was “interested both in calligraphy and painting, and he was a keen patron of the arts.” The SSM texts note that during his reign, “advised by his aide, the painter Seker Ahmed Pasha, he established a lavish collection of paintings at Dolmabahce Palace. Another innovation that took place under Sultan Abdulaziz’s regime was the Sergi-i Umumi-i Osmani , an international fair held in Sultanahmet Square in 1863.
The increased interest in painting meant a reduced interest in miniatures, and artworks tended to reflect portraits, landscapes and still lifes. Ottoman painters such as Osman Hamdi Bey and Halil Pasha, “went to Paris and attended lectures in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts studios, [and] became interested in figures, and in portraits by extension.
She writes in the SSM exhibition that “At military schools such as the Imperial School of Military Engineering , the Imperial School of Medicine , the Military Academy , and the College of Public Administration , as well as in civilian institutions such as the Imperial School and the Darussafaka School for Orphans , painting classes taught by European instructors promoted a new interest in this branch of art.
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